Amazon: Setting up account.

I will go through the steps you need to take in order to set up an account on Amazon. The first step to doing this is to click on the "Sign in to your account" button in the top right hand corner of the screen.

Once on the page you will be prompted whether you have an Amazon account or not, if you don't then it gives you the option to create one. You will need to enter your email adress and then click the "okay" button.

After you will get a conformation email to confirm that the linked email adress is really yours, once you click on that then your account will be functional. You will be sent to your account page where you can access all your orders and depending on what type of account you've made, you can also sell items as well.

The diagram above shows the process which the website goes through when an account is made, and how an account works and functions, orders being processed are also shown.

Website Analysis: Amazon.

Amazon has a fairly simple lay out, there's a menu bar at the top of the screen which gives you quick access to your account, which stores your information and your purchase history, with that information they are able to recommend you items from the site, you can see recommended items at the bottom of the page, these items have been chosen based on my search history, making it more likely for me to purchase from the site. There's also the option to view your basket, the basket contains all the items you wish to purchase and makes it easier for you to buy multiple items at once. On the left hand side of the screen is the "shop by department" drop down menu, this allows you to specifically filter items to your need, some of the departments are "Books" "Electronics" and "Computers". This option makes searching for your items much easier and saves you time as you no longer need to look through items that don't have relevance. In the centre of the screen is an advertisement, these change over time to show the user what deals or new products they have in stock.

Amazon Account Page

The account page shows you a lot of information about your purchases and also gives you the option to view and change your payment details. Your details have been stored in the "account details" page and were stored when you first entered them, this is so you can easily pay for an item without the need to keep entering your details. You're also able to check your orders and even track them to see where they currently are, although this option doesn't always work, there's a "prime membership" which allows you free delivery for everything as long as you pay a certain amount of money a month, this could potentially save you a lot of money, so it's a good option to have. Gift cards are available for purchase from this page too. The settings menu contains all of your account details and your delivery address, you can change these whenever you want as long as you can provide proof that it's you on the account, they normally check this by making you enter your password or send a conformation email to your linked Email address.

Searching for specific items.

Amazon filters the items on the site based on keywords from your search, as you can see here, when I type in iPad, the closest results show up first, being iPads, and when I go further down they will soon become less and less relevant to my search. On the items shown are customer ratings, which are very useful when you haven't had and experience with one before and want to know what others think of it. At the top of the screen are related searches, these are fairly useful as it creates more specific searches based on your own, which will be useful if you don't know what specific item you want.

Item page.

The item page is fairly standard, a description of the item is given further down the page which specifies the features that it comes with. To the left of the page it offers third party warranty for the product, ranging in 2-3 years, with prices that match. Delivery options are also given with the prices that go with them. Customer reviews can be found at the bottom of the page. In order to purchase the product you must simply click the add to basket button to the right, then select your payment option from the basket window.

And so that concludes my analysis on Amazon, the websites ease of use and simple design make it a favourite for many people, they also have a very reliable service with flexible payment options and delivery options. All this added with cheap prices from multiple suppliers and security measures that mean that you can feel safe ordering make it a excellent website to shop from.

Activity 2: The Digital Divide

1. Dr Odedra cites a number of infrastructural reasons for a lack of effective ICT. What are these?

 The first reason is that many IT projects fail is because of a lack of secondary equipment, suitable electric power and training etc.
In many African countries pressure is put on them as many growing countries are now using Internet and other technologies such as computers . There are also no plans in Africa to supply the people with technology like computers, the government is simply to poor to even allow computers open to public use, and so many citizens will never use a computer. Some regulatory policies covering procedures for the acquisition of hardware and software do exist in a few places. These regulations typically mandate centralised acquisition for the public sector and tax private companies and non-government organisations in order to discourage imports or to raise convertible currency for the state. Such taxes range from 0 per cent in Mauritius to 60 per cent in Kenya. However, a number of countries such as Botswana, Zimbabwe, Nigeria and Mauritius have recently taken initiatives to formulate more comprehensive IT policies.
This means that some of these countries will start to become more developed. But this will only happen effectively if people play tax. But due to the majority of poor people in African countries, it isn't likely that they will be able to pay tax. And so this system will not always work.
A reliable power supply to operate the computers, a well-functioning telephone network to transmit data, foreign currency to import the technology, and computer-literate personnel are all prerequisites for the successful use of IT. Such infrastructural elements remain inadequate in many African countries. For instance, the number of telephones per 1,000 people ranges between 12 and 50, depending on the country, and many of the lines that do exist are out of order much of the time. This all means that a lot of Africans can’t get Internet connection because of the service isn’t working.
A problem that faces less developed countries is that they aren't able to set up stable Internet connections as many companies aren't willing to operate withing their country, this means that even with technology, people won't be able to connect to the Internet and miss out on a huge resource that defines modern technology. 

2.What is said do be the most pressing need for Africa (in terms of ICT)?

The most important reason for Africa having barely any access to Internet is the cost of IT falling dramatically. With systems becoming much easier to use and maintain, some of the prohibitive cost and infrastructural problems are being lessened. Many Africans are beginning to take advantage of this. But lack of skills in the area still remains a major problem. Overall, people are learning from their mistakes and are trying to address some of the issues. The longer this process takes the less advanced Africa will be.

 

3. How successful have computer aid projects been?

Computer aid projects have been of relative success, the only problem being that they need to cover such a wide area as almost all of Africa are without proper IT skills, although what has been done has been successful. Computers have been supplied to many countries and training groups have been set up in order to teach people how to properly use IT, these have been very popular and have been effective in dealing with the lack of IT skills.

 

4. Why have they failed?

Skills, funding and knowledge are all of the reasons why Africa are so lower in the technology scale then others. ICT isn't free it costs money which countries in Africa can't afford to use. There is widespread famine in these countries and they aren't able to use the same systems as we do. Secondly, knowledge is very scarce about IT because because people living in Africa haven't had the opportunity to use IT, this will lead to confusion surrounding IT for them. There are few people who have access to IT, but these tend to be people high up in the social hierarchy.



 

5. What computer skill's identified as lacking?

"Africa lacks computer skills in all areas, including systems analysis, programming, maintenance and consulting, and at all operational levels from basic use to management. Most countries lack the education and training facilities needed to help people acquire the proper skills. The few training centres that do exist have not been able to keep up with demand. Only a handful of countries such as Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria and Zimbabwe have universities that offer computer science degrees. The programmes available in the other countries are mainly diplomas and certificates. As a result of unskilled and untrained personnel, user organisations are forced to hire expatriate staff, who in turn lack the knowledge about local organisational cultures and thus design poor systems. Many African governments and organisations are waking up to this situation, but few serious measures have been taken. Moreover, it will not be enough to merely institute courses; books, teachers and equipment are also required but unfortunately have been overlooked." Therefore the African public aren't the ones to be blamed here, the governments should be the one to put money aside and invest in ICT teachers to teach the next generation of people. This will greatly develop their country and will help them to be able to advance faster.




6. What area of business fields have been seen as lacking?
"Although African companies have had little success in producing their own hardware, software houses catering to the local market are emerging, particularly in Kenya, Zimbabwe, and Nigeria. Off-the-shelf software packages have largely been used in African countries because of the lack of programmers to develop in-house applications. However, there is a growing demand for applications appropriate for local needs. While the present quality and sophistication of local software may not be on a par with current world standards, it should improve with increasing demand." If African business had better quality technology it would mean that more business can run effectively and more efficiently, therefore increasing overall national income, economically this is good for the country.

 

Unit 2: How an online purchase takes place.

I will go over how an online purchase takes place on Amazon.com

When you first open up Amazon you will be taken to their homepage, their homepage will show you about various deals they currently have on as well as their best selling products. In order to make a purchase you will need to click on the "sign in" button in the top right in order to make and account. I will now go through this process.

When you click on the sign in button you will be taken to this page, on it you have the option to enter your account credentials, or in my case, create an account if you do not already have one. To create an account you will need to fill the "No, I am a new customer" option. You will then be taken to this screen.

On the registration screen you will be prompted to give your Email, the reason they require your email is because it's the easiest way to send you information about their latest deals and items in store, an easy method of marketing for them. You will also need to give your name for reference when sending the Email, and of course a password to keep your account secure, you are asked to repeat your password to make sure you typed it correctly the first time, if you didn't then you won't be able to access your account.

 

After creating your account you will be taken to your account page, from here you will be able to manage your account and change some settings such as your Email and your password, as well as personalise your account. And you are also able to see your order history. I will now go through the ordering process and the information it takes from you.

The first step to ordering something on Amazon is searching it in the search bar at the top of the page, once you search it will bring up all the results related to that search using a keyword system. Once you've found the item you want you just click it and it will take you to the details screen.

You will then be taken to this page, on it will be the item description as well as the prices, used and new, and if it's a book like my example, you are able to view the first ten pages to see if you like the look of it, customers can leave reviews to inform potential buyers if their purchase is worth it or not. To order the item you will have to click on the "add to basket" button in the top right corner.

Once you click the "add to basket" button a pop up will be shown, it takes in account your purchase and will offer many items that are similar to your purchase, it does this because you are then likely to purchase the items shown and you don't need to make two seperate purchases if you add them to your cart. There are also other products advertised such as gift cards, Which is shown below the purchased item. You then need to click the "Proceed to checkout" button to make the purchase.

Once again you are taken to a log in page requesting your log in details, these include your email and your password. Or you have the option to click the "I am a new customer." button to create a new account. But I will be using the returning customer button and sign into my account.

Upon entering your password you are asked to enter your delivery adress, this includes your full name, home number and street name as well as the town or city you live in. Your county, post code, and phone number are also required, these are required mostly because they need an actual adress to ship the item to, and if there's a problem they are able to contact you through your phone. They are also most likely going to use this as another marketing strategy by sending you mail based on your purchase hsitory. You also have the option to click the "Is this address also your invoice address?" button which will let them know whether to send invoices to that house.

Upon entering your billing adress you will be sent to this page that asks what kind of delivery you want, there are three options: FREE Super Saver Delivery, First Class (up to 4 business days), and Expedited (3 business day(s)), each on costing more or less based on the time it will take to get to you. You also have the option to have it gift wraped for extra cost.

The final page I will be covering is the payment option page, this asks how you would like to pay, you have the choise of either credit of debit cards or gift cards and promotional codes. If you were to click add credit card you will be given a box to type your card number in and if you were to select gift cards it would give you the option to type the gift voucher, once you pay by either one of these methods it will take you back to the home screen and prompt you that the transaction was successful, and so the transaction is made.

Activity 4: Uses of IT in a public sector website.

The British Army 

The British Army is pretty self explanatory, I public defence organization, their website gives a lot of useful information about the army and even allows you to sign up directly. Their website is quite well laid out, with colours that represent the army very well, a simple design so you never get lost, and easy to navigate home page.

Capturing and processing data:

This is done on the "right job for you" page.

The way it captures data is by asking you certain questions based on what kind of job you want to do, based  on the answers you give, it will process this data and give you a selection of jobs that they think will best suit you, an easy way to find a job you're looking for in the military.

Presenting and exchanging information:

This is shown in the news page.

The news page tells you about the situation in Afghanistan and what you could be dealing with if you were to join the military, basically everything you need to know about the military is covered on this page, you are also able to sign up to their newsletter, this shows how you are able to exchange information. 

Conducting transactions and Marketing of goods and services:

This is shown on the Events, Entertainment and Leisure page.

There's not as much on show here as there was on the last website I went over, the reason for this is because it's a public service and therefore is funded by the government, not needing any kind of financial support from the public. But they still have a few thinks to offer in the marketing of goods and services, or at least services, they often hold events and shows, many of these are ceremonial and do not require payment, but some of the public shows do, these can be booked on their website.

From this website it is clear that they use IT as a way to engage people into the career that they are interested in, it makes it very easy to find what job is right and is now easier than ever to sign up, it will take less than a few minutes to do so.

Metropolitan police

The Metropolitan police is once again a public service organized in order to prevent crime in the UK. The website gives you information about the service, phone numbers you can call to give or recieve any information. And also job openings are available for viewing. The website generally isn't very well laid out, the main home screen seems convoluted and it's can be hard to find what you're looking for sometimes, also the colours don't look particularly attractive or eye catching.

Presenting and exchanging information:

This is shown on the "about us" page.

Very similar to The British Army in the way it gives detailed information about the service, although this website also gives statistics on crime in the UK as well as information on how they recorded those statistics, truly in depth on the detail they give here. A detailed history of the service is also available for reading.

Capturing and processing data:

This is shown on the career page.

Much like The British Army, this website allows you to sign up to jobs as well as giving detailed information on each job, although it doesn't make it as easy as The British Army's website did, they seem to be not as focused on their job openings as they quite clearly are.

This website is very strong on giving very detailed information about the service, being able to sign up to their digital newsletter shows how they are using IT to their advantage by making people more informed, whereas The British Army were more focused on their job openings, which is understandable for the military, they use IT to make it easier for people to understand the jobs they are getting into. Overall I think that The British Army's website made better use of IT as it made it simpler to understand and find jobs, which wouldn't be as easy if not for the use of IT. Whereas The Metropolitan Police gave only information and simple job applications, which were easy to use but were generally achievable without the use of IT.  

Activity 3: Uses of IT in charity websites.

The British Heart Foundation

The British Heart Foundation is a charity devoted to helping people with types of heart disease, it is completely funded from membership fees and donations and is a non profit organization. I will be looking at the different uses of IT in the website.

Capturing and processing data:
This is done when you make a donation to the website.

When you donate to the website, the website needs some certain information from you. These include your email address for when you register your account, and your bank details from when you make the donation, this data is then taken and processed in order to make the transaction successful. Much of this data is then stored in their databases so they are able to contact you via email.

Presenting and exchanging information:

This is shown on the "about us" page.

This page is intended to give the user information about the charity, it shows how they were set up and how they are structured, along with a general idea for what they do and why they do it.This presents information to the user.

Conducting transactions and Marketing of goods and services:

Transactions are conducted on the shop page of the website.

Users can also purchase merchandise from their website so that it gives people more of an incentive to donate. Transactions are conducted through a few ways, you are able to pay through PayPal or use your credit card directly, transactions are made quickly and easily on this website.

As you can see there is a great presentation of their products. With a very user friendly layout, with pricing that is clearly visible and very easy to navigate store. This shows how they market their goods and services. 

Distributing goods:

This is shows on the "where your money goes page"

This list is intended to show the user where their money goes to and how it will help if they choose to donate. It is intended so that people have a clear view of where their money is going so they have complete confidence in spending it. They use short heading with bold colours so that the user can easily read it in a few seconds. Short and sweet headings mean that they are precise and to the point. This therefore is a website that shows the distribution of goods, or in this case, money. 

Activity 8: Comparing Supermarkets

These are the top supermarkets in the UK:

Aldi

Asda

Co-op

Iceland

Morrison's 

Sainsburry's 

Tesco 

Waitrose 

All of the above offer different services and quality of food, at different price levels, I will be comparing a few of these and giving my opinion on the best quality and best price.

Quality of service:

Tesco: From past experience I can confirm that Tesco's quality of service isn't as good as it could be, the staff didn't seem so helpful in helping me find what I was looking for, this and the extremely slow and unreliable self-service machines I can say that quality of service isn't Tesco's strong point.

Co-op: Co-op go through special measures when selecting staff, they make sure they are able to work with people and help them in any way they can, this shows as the quality of service is extremely good here, I had no problems with finding items and it was a generally good shopping environment.

Asda: They seem to have the same problems as Tesco face, they don't try and create a friendly environment for shoppers as their primary focus is on cheap prices, not such a good shopping environment as staff there aren't particularly helpful.

Waitrose: By far the best in my opinion, the staff here are friendly and know the shop well so are extremely helpful when you need to find something, they are always willing to help and I've never had to wait more than a minute for them to find an item for me.

Quality of food:

Tesco: There has been a lot of controversy in the past few weeks regarding their quality of food, more accurately the quality of their beef, it has been found that in some cases over 90% of the meat is in fact horse meat. many have speculated that it is not necessarily Tesco's fault, but I shall discus the general quality of the food in general. In short the food quality isn't very good, but what do you expect on such a low price range? The animals weren't free range and the meat just doesn't taste as good as in other stores. I'd be much happier spending a little bit more for better quality food.

Co-op: Quality of food here is very good, they make sure all the animals were free range and treated well. They also make sure that most of the food they sell is organic and take special measures for their fair trade goods.

Asda: Same as Tesco in that the quality of food here just isn't up to a good standard, the animals aren't free range and in all probability they weren't treated fairly when they were alive, so I wouldn't recommend shopping here for meat in particular, although this is only for their own brand, they do sell very high quality meat, just at a higher price.

Waitrose: Once again I would say that Waitrose have the upper hand when it comes to quality of food, All the meat they sell is free range and their product range has been praised for the quality. I would recommend shopping here if you don't mind spending a little more, which brings us onto the next comparison.

Pricing:

Tesco: In my opinion Tesco are by far the best with pricing, not only their own products, but branded products are also extremely cheap, far cheaper than most other supermarkets.

Co-op: The co-op offer fair prices for branded products and their own, their prices are still good, although around 10% higher than Tesco's, although some would say that a 10% increase in price is worth it considering they work using fair trade.

Asda: Similar prices to Tesco, although many of the branded products do not match the cheap prices of Tesco, Although in most cases the price difference is only a few pennies.

Waitrose: This is definitely Waitrose's weak point, their own products are of quite high prices, given the quality this makes sense, but many of the branded products are significantly higher value than in other stores. I'd only recommend Waitrose for their own products.

Comparison of websites.

Every major supermarket has their own website, I will compare a few of these.

Tesco:

 Tesco's online store is very easy to use and is simple and attractive, it gives all the information you will need and tells the user what sales they have on, the website allows users to order their products online as well as giving them information about the store, you are able to send them complaints over email and comments about their service are accepted.Overall the website was good to use and felt very well made. Once complaint I could make would be that the page doesn't fit the width of the browser window, which is why there are two white bars on the side of the screen, but this is a minor complaint.

Co-op:

 The co-op website is very good at giving information, but you aren't able to order online, their website is solely there to show you what they do and inform you of their quality and ethics to the people to supply their goods, the website tells you about many of their other services that they offer.

Waitrose:

 Waitrose's website is in my opinion the nicest looking out of them all, as well as that it also offers you the ability to shop online and will give you free delivery if you spend more than £50, it also gives you information about the history of the store, and also recipes are offered on the site for free. The site is extremely easy to navigate and is also very fast to load. Offers are shown on the front page so people don't miss out.

Asda:

The website certainly does it's job which is to allow people to shop online, although in my opinion the website lacks visual appeal. The colours and the advertisements just make the website not look as good as it's competition. Although it does give the user all the latest information about in store sales and the online purchase system is very easy to use. It also gives a lot of detail about the store and the services they offer.

Pros and cons of online grocery shoping

Pros:

• Comparison shopping is much easier online.

It's so much easier to comparison shop online, not just comparing different brands of items, but comparing different online sites for prices. You might not have the pleasure of holding the items in your hands, but you have the ease.

• Finding something online is much easier than in a shop.

In shops it can be hard to find the specific item that you want, it becomes much easier online with Google's new shopping tool that will find shops that sell a specific item that you're looking for.

 

• Forgetting something is less of a hassle when shopping online.

Forgetting to put something on your shopping list and only realising once you've been to the shop can be incredibly annoying. Forgetting to purchase something online isn't, it's as simple as going to the website and placing it in your basket. It can be done in a matter of seconds

• Shop in comfort

What could be more easy than shopping in the comfort of your own home? You don't have to lift a finger except to type and use your mouse. All the work is done for you including the bagging and delivery of your food. Making it a much easier experience.

• You can shop online 24/7

You're never restricted to store hours when you shop online. You can do it whenever it's convenient for you and you never have to worry about getting in before the crowds, like on the weekends.

• No waiting in lines

Waiting in lines can be a long and tedious process, online you need not worry about this. processing your order is as easy as clicking a button.

 

Cons:

• You can't use cash online

Online you're very limited to how you pay, sites will only exept credit cards, so if you want to use cash or cheque then you will be better of going to the shop.

• You can't hand pick your groceries.

Unfortunately you don't get to pick your own food when shopping online. The person who compiles your order does all that for you. So you're likely to get items that aren't ideal in quality.

• Waiting for dilivery

Obviously when you buy online you can't get your order immediately -- usually it takes up to 1 day to get your order and of course you have to pay for delivery costs. Luckily many online grocers have deals for first-time customers, but after that the delivery cost can range in price depending on time of delivery or your location.

 
 

Different types of organisations.

The different types of organisations include:
Commercial Organisations, what we would normally refer to as businesses, they trade and provide services in a competitive market with the aim of making a profit and growing the business.
Public Organisations, these are primarily funded through taxation and are controlled directly or indirectly by the government. With the aim to to provide services to the public.
Non-profit Organisations, they raise their finance from donors or grant funding and use the funds raised to finance a particular cause or issue, they also provide employment and incomes for the administrators of the organisation.
Here is a list of organisations that fall into these catigories.